AP Water Intelligence
Andhra Pradesh Groundwater Assessment

Mandal Insights

APWRIMS-format readings fused with NASA/NDMC GRACE-DA satellite-model signals.

Prototype. Prototype results do not replace official field measurements or APWRIMS outputs.
OverviewMandal InsightsVemula

Vemula Mandal

Y.S.R Kadapa District · 118 observation months
StressModerate ConfidenceCGWB 2024Semi-critical Back to map
Historical Median Depth
6.02 mbgl
Available history / latest 2026-09
Observation Months
118
APWRIMS (AP-GWD)
NASA GW Percentile
8
Very Dry
Root-Zone Moisture
1.4
Very Dry
Surface Moisture
3
Very Dry
Overall Agreement
Decline without positive climate balance
Data Completeness
V2
Moderate
Rainfall Context
110.7 mm
CHIRPS · Sep 2026
Location & Context
Basemap © OpenFreeMap · OSM · official boundary (AWARE, rebuilt)
Fusion Explanation
Measured · APWRIMS
6.02 mbgl
118 observation months
Rainfall / ET context
110.7 mm
climate balance: Deficit
Modelled nowcast
5.81 m
model P10–P90 4.76–6.85 m · Stress
The measured trend is declining without a positive climatic water balance (Deficit). Climate balance remains context and is not direct recharge.
This seasongauge rain, soil moisture and storage
APWRIMS · research use
Gauge rain, 1 Jun to 17 Oct 2026−32% against normal

244 mm against a normal of 361 mm · Deficient · 16 rainy days · 3 gauges

Last month: 43 mm against 102 mm.

Measured: AP DES mandal rain gauges via APWRIMS.

Soil moisture, 18 Oct 202632% at 30 cm · usual 80%
  • 5 cm38%
  • 30 cm32%
  • 100 cm27%
  • 150 cm25%

2nd driest of 13 years for this date (range 24 to 100%). A week earlier: 30%.

Modelled: NRSC VIC land-surface model via APWRIMS; plant-available water as a share of what the soil holds.

Signals pointing to stress2 of 3 usable
  • Groundwater shortfall flaggedno
  • Gauge rain 20% or more below normalyes
  • Soil among the driest quarter of years for the dateyes

A count of stated tests, not a score. The soil model is driven by rainfall, so those two are not independent.

Crop vegetation, 17 Sep to 14 Oct 202620 · severely below normal

Weekly since 25 Jun; dashed lines at 40 and 60, the drought manual’s class limits. Cropland is about 62% of this mandal's land.

Satellite index: NOAA STAR VHP, 4 km weekly, weighted to cropland (ESA WorldCover 2021). Plant vigour against the same weeks in other years, not yield.

Groundwater assessment 2025-2026Semi-critical · 71% of the extractable groundwater drawn
  • Irrigation14.5
  • Domestic0.2

14.7 of 20.7 million m³ a year (bars: share of the extractable resource, figures in million m³). 2024-2025: Safe, 69%.

Official: CGWB and the AP State Ground Water Department, GEC-2015 method, via INGRES; unit Vemula.

Reservoirs in Y.S.R Kadapa, 19 Oct 2026
  • Gandikota Reservoir69.9%97.6% a year ago
  • Brahmamsagar Reservoir30.8%82.2% a year ago
  • Chitravati Balancing Reservoir31.7%86.6% a year ago

Storage at the dam, measured. Whether its canals reach this mandal needs the command-area map, which is not public.

Compare across the state
The State network’s latest reading
AWARE groundwater feed · one reading, not a monthly mean
Latest reading6.12 mbelow ground, 9 Sep 2026 · State band 6–20 m
Since May0.05 m shallowerpre-monsoon 6.17 m
Against a year ago0.80 m deeper5.32 m then
Stations3wells averaged

Our monthly series ends Aug 2026 at 6.05 m; the State reading is 0.07 m deeper since then. It is shown beside our series, not merged into it, and the model does not use it.

Assembly constituency
Pulivendla
Parliamentary constituency
Y.S.R.Kadapa
Revenue division
Pulivendula
LGD mandal code
05220
Official area
299.9 km²
Outline drawn
official boundary (AWARE, rebuilt)

AP AWARE groundwater feed (groundwater_aggregatedreadings_api) via the AI Living Labs data lake. Readings 1 Sep–9 Sep 2026.

Every constituency
Drought manual checkKharif 2026 · rain to 11 Oct 2026
steps 1–2 · not a declaration

Vemula

Y.S.R Kadapa district · official boundary (AWARE, rebuilt)
Moderate
Step 1 · Trigger 1Set
Rainfall vs normal−43%197 mm against 344 mm · Deficient. Table 3.1 (IMD): normal +19 to −19%, deficient −20 to −59%, large deficient −60 to −99%, no rain −100%. Measured: AP DES gauges via APWRIMS.
Longest dry spell5 wk3.2.1 B: consecutive weeks after the monsoon's due onset with under 50% of the week's normal; usually 4 weeks, 3 on light soils.
1 Jundashed line: half of normal11 Oct
SPI route (satellite)−2.36Extremely dry; would set Trigger 1 on its own route. 3.2.1 C: SPI below −1 is a deficit; below −1.5 sets Trigger 1 without a dry spell. CHIRPS v3 since 1981.
Trigger 1 set by a dry spell. Table 3.11: a dry spell sets Trigger 1. Without one, only large-deficient rainfall (or SPI below −1.5) does.
Step 2 · Trigger 2 · 3 of 3 indicatorsModerate
Remote sensing · VCI Severe23Table 3.4: VCI 60–100 normal, 40–60 moderate, 0–40 severe. NOAA STAR VHP, 4 km, last four weeks. Satellite index over all vegetation; coarser than the manual prefers.
Soil moisture · PASM Severe33%Usual for the date 80%. This date read Severe in 3 of 12 earlier years. Table 3.6 (2020): PASM 76–100 no drought, 51–75 moderate, 0–50 severe. The State may recalibrate. Modelled: NRSC VIC at 30 cm via APWRIMS, four-week mean.
Hydrology · GWDI Normal+0.05Normal: 6.3 m below ground against a 6.8 m mean for the month, 10 years. Table 3.9: GWDI above −0.15 normal, to −0.30 mild, to −0.45 moderate, to −0.60 severe, below extreme. Measured: APWRIMS wells.
Agriculture · area sown Severe45%District figure as reported for 9 Sep 2026; context only, not one of this mandal's three. 3.2.3.1: sown area under 85% of normal is drought; 75% or less is severe.
3.3.1 Step 2: severe if two of three are severe and the third at least moderate; moderate if two are moderate or worse.
Step 3 · the State
Field verification due before harvest. 3.2.6: field checks in 10% of villages, about 5 sites per major crop; crop loss of 33% qualifies, over 50% for severe.
Every mandal on the Drought Watch
Aquifer Water Balancerainfall minus actual ET
TerraClimate 2025
Annual rainfall816.93 mm
Modelled actual ET775.33 mm
Annual rainfall minus actual ET+41.6 mm
Deficit

Rainfall minus modelled actual ET is climatic context, not crop water requirement, groundwater recharge, pumping or safe yield.

TerraClimate 2025 annual actual ET vs rainfall (~4 km, modeled). Not groundwater depth or a field irrigation instruction.
Measured History · APWRIMS-format
2016-05 – 2026-09
6.25m below ground
2026-09monsoon
0816201620182020202220242026
Measured (APWRIMS) Modelled nowcast · p10–p90 Monsoon (Jun–Sep)Depth increases downward — a higher fill is a shallower water table.
Show the numbers
Depth to water by month, metres below ground (APWRIMS)
MonthDepth (m)
Sep 20266.25
Aug 20266.05
Jul 20265.34
Jun 20264.87
May 20266.17
Apr 20266.03
Mar 20266.65
Feb 20264.71
Jan 20264.26
Dec 20253.22
Nov 20253.56
Oct 20253.92
Sep 20255.02
Aug 20255.44
Jul 20256.41
Jun 20255.15
May 20256.02
Apr 20256.11
Mar 20255.71
Feb 20255.45
Jan 20254.75
Dec 20244.80
Nov 20244.49
Oct 20245.26
Sep 20245.84
Aug 20245.65
Jul 20245.06
Jun 20244.76
May 20245.34
Apr 20245.63
Mar 20245.89
Feb 20244.96
Jan 20244.52
Dec 20234.24
Nov 20234.10
Oct 20234.74
Sep 20234.47
Aug 20234.82
Jul 20234.84
Jun 20234.67
May 20236.03
Apr 20234.52
Mar 20234.22
Feb 20234.38
Jan 20233.68
Dec 20223.45
Nov 20223.36
Oct 20223.37
Sep 20224.17
Aug 20225.18
Jul 20225.31
Jun 20225.83
May 20226.29
Apr 20225.07
Mar 20225.36
Feb 20225.82
Jan 20224.66
Aug 20219.15
Jul 20216.31
May 20214.49
Feb 20213.93
Jan 20213.50
Dec 20203.20
Nov 20204.94
Oct 20205.99
Sep 20204.02
Aug 20205.99
Jul 20206.00
Jun 20206.37
May 20206.88
Apr 20206.31
Mar 20205.43
Feb 20205.95
Jan 20206.16
Dec 20197.21
Nov 20196.73
Oct 20197.41
Sep 20199.59
Aug 201912.79
Jul 201913.27
Jun 201913.04
May 201912.69
Apr 201910.63
Mar 201910.06
Feb 20199.35
Jan 20198.21
Dec 20188.06
Nov 20187.74
Oct 20187.85
Sep 201810.91
Aug 201810.55
Jul 201810.06
Jun 201810.10
May 201810.08
Apr 201810.99
Mar 201810.16
Feb 20187.50
Jan 20188.47
Dec 20177.99
Nov 20177.67
Oct 20177.49
Sep 201711.18
Aug 201714.68
Jul 201713.18
Jun 201712.33
May 201713.20
Apr 201714.69
Mar 201711.52
Feb 201710.95
Jan 201710.13
Dec 20169.40
Nov 20169.18
Oct 20167.89
Sep 20166.54
Aug 20167.63
Jul 20167.83
Jun 20169.19
May 20169.73
APWRIMS-format monthly observations (m below ground). The dashed extension is the modelled nowcast — 5.81 m, P10–P90 4.76–6.85 m — not a measurement.
Monsoon Cycle · Recharge by Year
pre-monsoon May vs post-monsoon November
Typical monsoon recovery+2.34 mmedian across 9 paired years
Weakest recovery+0.54 min 2016
  1. 2016▲ 0.54 m
  2. 2017▲ 5.54 m
  3. 2018▲ 2.34 m
  4. 2019▲ 5.95 m
  5. 2020▲ 1.94 m
  6. 2022▲ 2.93 m
  7. 2023▲ 1.93 m
  8. 2024▲ 0.85 m
  9. 2025▲ 2.46 m
Pre-monsoon (May) — the annual low Post-monsoon (Nov) — after rechargeRecovery is the metres the water table rose over the monsoon. A short bar is a monsoon that did not refill the aquifer.
Derived from the measured APWRIMS-format history, not modelled. Years without both a May and a November reading are omitted rather than interpolated.
Data Quality & Freshness
Observation records118
Latest observation period2026-09
Satellite sample—
Measured labelAPWRIMS (AP-GWD)
Boundarypublic_prototype
118 observation months; modelled.
Data Sources
Measured Input · APWRIMS
APWRIMS mandal reading (2014-2026)
NASA Satellite-Model (GRACE-DA)
Real percentiles 0–100 · —
CHIRPS Rainfall Context
Monthly areal average · not direct measured recharge
Boundary Source
The State's outline (AWARE), rebuilt from its points · 299.9 km²
Recommended Action
Collect an additional field observation before interpretation
Review the APWRIMS-format observation history
Reassess once the authorised APWRIMS export arrives
Do not treat as official until the APWRIMS export is authorised
Action Output
AWARE / APWRIMS Action Output (Preview)
{
  "district_name": "Y.S.R KADAPA",
  "mandal_name": "VEMULA",
  "status": "Groundwater stress indicator",
  "confidence_label": "Moderate",
  "recommended_action": "Review the measured history and field-verify conditions.",
  "source_caveat": "Unreleased preview; field verification and official schema required."
}
Prototype InsightAPWRIMS reading + real NASA satellite-model percentileNot official until the APWRIMS export is authorised · official boundary (AWARE, rebuilt)Go to watchlist