AP Water Intelligence
Andhra Pradesh Groundwater Assessment

Mandal Insights

APWRIMS-format readings fused with NASA/NDMC GRACE-DA satellite-model signals.

Prototype. Prototype results do not replace official field measurements or APWRIMS outputs.
OverviewMandal InsightsCumbum

Cumbum Mandal

Markapuram District · 137 observation months
WatchHigh ConfidenceCGWB 2024Not assessed Back to map
Historical Median Depth
15.05 mbgl
Available history / latest 2026-09
Observation Months
137
APWRIMS (AP-GWD)
NASA GW Percentile
7.5
Very Dry
Root-Zone Moisture
0.9
Very Dry
Surface Moisture
0.4
Very Dry
Overall Agreement
Stable / recovering
Data Completeness
V2
High
Rainfall Context
126.2 mm
CHIRPS · Sep 2026
Location & Context
Basemap © OpenFreeMap · OSM · official boundary (AWARE, rebuilt)
Fusion Explanation
Measured · APWRIMS
15.05 mbgl
137 observation months
Rainfall / ET context
126.2 mm
climate balance: Balanced
Modelled nowcast
12.43 m
model P10–P90 11.28–13.87 m · Watch
The measured trend is stable or recovering. The balanced climate balance is supporting context only.
This seasongauge rain, soil moisture and storage
APWRIMS · research use
Gauge rain, 1 Jun to 17 Oct 2026−47% against normal

248 mm against a normal of 470 mm · Deficient · 25 rainy days · 3 gauges

Last month: 76 mm against 120 mm.

Measured: AP DES mandal rain gauges via APWRIMS.

Soil moisture, 18 Oct 202618% at 30 cm · usual 78%
  • 5 cm44%
  • 30 cm18%
  • 100 cm18%
  • 150 cm19%

driest of 13 years for this date (range 32 to 100%). A week earlier: 24%.

Modelled: NRSC VIC land-surface model via APWRIMS; plant-available water as a share of what the soil holds.

Signals pointing to stress2 of 3 usable
  • Groundwater shortfall flaggedno
  • Gauge rain 20% or more below normalyes
  • Soil among the driest quarter of years for the dateyes

A count of stated tests, not a score. The soil model is driven by rainfall, so those two are not independent.

Crop vegetation, 17 Sep to 14 Oct 202634 · severely below normal

Weekly since 25 Jun; dashed lines at 40 and 60, the drought manual’s class limits. Cropland is about 59% of this mandal's land.

Satellite index: NOAA STAR VHP, 4 km weekly, weighted to cropland (ESA WorldCover 2021). Plant vigour against the same weeks in other years, not yield.

Groundwater assessment 2025-2026Semi-critical · 82% of the extractable groundwater drawn
  • Irrigation8.8
  • Domestic1.4

10.1 of 12.4 million m³ a year (bars: share of the extractable resource, figures in million m³).

Official: CGWB and the AP State Ground Water Department, GEC-2015 method, via INGRES; unit Cumbum.

Reservoirs in Markapuram, 19 Oct 2026
  • Pula Subbaiah Veligonda Project?%?% a year ago
  • Cum Bum Tank25%54.9% a year ago
  • Mopadu Reservoir Project0%13.4% a year ago

Storage at the dam, measured. Whether its canals reach this mandal needs the command-area map, which is not public.

Compare across the state
The State network’s latest reading
AWARE groundwater feed · one reading, not a monthly mean
Latest reading13.11 mbelow ground, 9 Sep 2026 · State band 6–20 m
Since May1.38 m deeperpre-monsoon 11.73 m
Against a year ago1.07 m deeper12.04 m then
Stations3wells averaged

Our monthly series ends Aug 2026 at 12.93 m; the State reading is 0.18 m deeper since then. It is shown beside our series, not merged into it, and the model does not use it.

Assembly constituency
Giddalur
Parliamentary constituency
Ongole
Revenue division
Markapur
LGD mandal code
05117
Official area
131.7 km²
Outline drawn
official boundary (AWARE, rebuilt)

AP AWARE groundwater feed (groundwater_aggregatedreadings_api) via the AI Living Labs data lake. Readings 1 Sep–9 Sep 2026.

Every constituency
Drought manual checkKharif 2026 · rain to 11 Oct 2026
steps 1–2 · not a declaration

Cumbum

Markapuram district · official boundary (AWARE, rebuilt)
No trigger
Step 1 · Trigger 1Not set
Rainfall vs normal−45%244 mm against 445 mm · Deficient. Table 3.1 (IMD): normal +19 to −19%, deficient −20 to −59%, large deficient −60 to −99%, no rain −100%. Measured: AP DES gauges via APWRIMS.
Longest dry spell3 wk3.2.1 B: consecutive weeks after the monsoon's due onset with under 50% of the week's normal; usually 4 weeks, 3 on light soils.
1 Jundashed line: half of normal11 Oct
SPI route (satellite)−1.62Severely dry; would set Trigger 1 on its own route. 3.2.1 C: SPI below −1 is a deficit; below −1.5 sets Trigger 1 without a dry spell. CHIRPS v3 since 1981.
Trigger 1 not set: deficient, but no dry spell and not large-deficient. Table 3.11: a dry spell sets Trigger 1. Without one, only large-deficient rainfall (or SPI below −1.5) does.
Step 2 · Trigger 2 · 3 of 3 indicatorsModerate (not reached)
Remote sensing · VCI Severe32Table 3.4: VCI 60–100 normal, 40–60 moderate, 0–40 severe. NOAA STAR VHP, 4 km, last four weeks. Satellite index over all vegetation; coarser than the manual prefers.
Soil moisture · PASM Severe20%Usual for the date 78%. This date read Severe in 2 of 12 earlier years. Table 3.6 (2020): PASM 76–100 no drought, 51–75 moderate, 0–50 severe. The State may recalibrate. Modelled: NRSC VIC at 30 cm via APWRIMS, four-week mean.
Hydrology · GWDI Normal+0.13Normal: 12.2 m below ground against a 15.3 m mean for the month, 12 years. Table 3.9: GWDI above −0.15 normal, to −0.30 mild, to −0.45 moderate, to −0.60 severe, below extreme. Measured: APWRIMS wells.
Agriculture · area sown n/a—Not published per mandal: the Agriculture department holds it. 3.2.3.1: sown area under 85% of normal is drought; 75% or less is severe.
3.3.1 Step 2: severe if two of three are severe and the third at least moderate; moderate if two are moderate or worse.
Step 3 · the State
No field verification is called for unless Trigger 2 is set.
Every mandal on the Drought Watch
Aquifer Water Balancerainfall minus actual ET
TerraClimate 2025
Annual rainfall944.3 mm
Modelled actual ET821.4 mm
Annual rainfall minus actual ET+122.9 mm
Balanced

Rainfall minus modelled actual ET is climatic context, not crop water requirement, groundwater recharge, pumping or safe yield.

TerraClimate 2025 annual actual ET vs rainfall (~4 km, modeled). Not groundwater depth or a field irrigation instruction.
Measured History · APWRIMS-format
2014-06 – 2026-09
12.19m below ground
2026-09monsoon
018352014201620182020202220242026
Measured (APWRIMS) Modelled nowcast · p10–p90 Monsoon (Jun–Sep)Depth increases downward — a higher fill is a shallower water table.
Show the numbers
Depth to water by month, metres below ground (APWRIMS)
MonthDepth (m)
Sep 202612.19
Aug 202612.93
Jul 202612.60
Jun 202611.93
May 202611.73
Apr 202610.96
Mar 202610.84
Feb 20268.39
Jan 20265.63
Dec 20255.23
Nov 20252.55
Oct 202510.98
Sep 202512.36
Aug 202511.91
Jul 202513.90
Jun 202514.41
May 202514.56
Apr 202515.84
Mar 202515.07
Feb 202513.54
Jan 202511.37
Dec 202410.42
Nov 202411.32
Oct 20248.79
Sep 202414.04
Aug 202414.16
Jul 202415.05
Jun 202415.45
May 202416.17
Apr 202415.36
Mar 202413.50
Feb 202412.38
Jan 202411.63
Dec 202311.60
Nov 202310.98
Oct 202313.04
Sep 202311.93
Aug 202311.62
Jul 202311.54
Jun 20238.59
May 202310.34
Apr 20239.04
Mar 20237.75
Feb 20236.51
Jan 20236.16
Dec 20223.82
Nov 20224.12
Oct 20224.09
Sep 20227.05
Aug 20227.87
Jul 20228.65
May 20228.57
Mar 202210.92
Aug 202110.39
Jul 20218.72
May 202111.22
Feb 20218.85
Jan 20217.77
Dec 20208.05
Nov 20208.88
Oct 202019.20
Sep 202010.85
Aug 202019.17
Jul 202019.18
Jun 202021.05
May 202019.66
Apr 202021.05
Mar 202031.00
Feb 202020.14
Jan 202018.45
Dec 201918.15
Nov 201917.93
Oct 201918.32
Sep 201923.73
Aug 201926.02
Jul 201927.55
Jun 201928.57
May 201932.03
Apr 201931.17
Mar 201930.66
Feb 201929.01
Jan 201927.21
Dec 201824.84
Nov 201821.71
Oct 201823.18
Sep 201817.56
Aug 201829.44
Jul 201829.67
Jun 201829.33
May 201828.96
Apr 201829.93
Mar 201815.36
Feb 201822.26
Jan 201818.97
Dec 201720.54
Nov 201727.67
Oct 201712.03
Sep 201721.41
Aug 201723.27
Jul 201721.70
Jun 201727.92
May 201729.66
Apr 201729.92
Mar 201728.89
Feb 201727.39
Jan 201727.05
Dec 201625.61
Nov 201627.64
Oct 201626.07
Sep 201623.62
Aug 201623.41
Jul 201621.94
Jun 201619.82
May 201622.20
Apr 201619.36
Mar 201618.34
Feb 201618.06
Jan 201616.48
Dec 201513.92
Nov 201514.26
Oct 201513.15
Sep 201516.84
Aug 201518.09
Jul 201517.23
Jun 201516.59
May 201517.78
Apr 201510.44
Mar 201524.93
Feb 201515.80
Jan 201514.19
Dec 201412.10
Nov 201410.57
Oct 201412.32
Sep 201411.45
Aug 201412.62
Jul 201413.07
Jun 201412.44
APWRIMS-format monthly observations (m below ground). The dashed extension is the modelled nowcast — 12.43 m, P10–P90 11.28–13.87 m — not a measurement.
Monsoon Cycle · Recharge by Year
pre-monsoon May vs post-monsoon November
Typical monsoon recovery+4.65 mmedian across 10 paired years
Weakest recovery-5.44 min 2016
  1. 2015▲ 3.52 m
  2. 2016▼ 5.44 m
  3. 2017▲ 1.99 m
  4. 2018▲ 7.26 m
  5. 2019▲ 14.11 m
  6. 2020▲ 10.78 m
  7. 2022▲ 4.45 m
  8. 2023▼ 0.65 m
  9. 2024▲ 4.85 m
  10. 2025▲ 12.01 m
Pre-monsoon (May) — the annual low Post-monsoon (Nov) — after rechargeRecovery is the metres the water table rose over the monsoon. A short bar is a monsoon that did not refill the aquifer.
Derived from the measured APWRIMS-format history, not modelled. Years without both a May and a November reading are omitted rather than interpolated.
Data Quality & Freshness
Observation records137
Latest observation period2026-09
Satellite sample—
Measured labelAPWRIMS (AP-GWD)
Boundarypublic_prototype
137 observation months; modelled.
Data Sources
Measured Input · APWRIMS
APWRIMS mandal reading (2014-2026)
NASA Satellite-Model (GRACE-DA)
Real percentiles 0–100 · —
CHIRPS Rainfall Context
Monthly areal average · not direct measured recharge
Boundary Source
The State's outline (AWARE), rebuilt from its points · 131.7 km²
Recommended Action
Collect an additional field observation before interpretation
Review the APWRIMS-format observation history
Reassess once the authorised APWRIMS export arrives
Do not treat as official until the APWRIMS export is authorised
Action Output
AWARE / APWRIMS Action Output (Preview)
{
  "district_name": "MARKAPURAM",
  "mandal_name": "CUMBUM",
  "status": "Monitoring watch",
  "confidence_label": "High",
  "recommended_action": "Continue monitoring and review the next measured observation.",
  "source_caveat": "Unreleased preview; field verification and official schema required."
}
Prototype InsightAPWRIMS reading + real NASA satellite-model percentileNot official until the APWRIMS export is authorised · official boundary (AWARE, rebuilt)Go to watchlist